Psychological Tests Are An Objective And Standardized...

In research, psychological tests are an objective and standardized measure of a sample of a behavior (Fishman Galguera, 2003). A successful test is one that is reliable and valid, for which test construction is the ultimate goal (Fishman Galguera, 2003). Validity gives the indication when the test or instrument a researcher is using, measures what they intended to be measured (Trochim Donnelly, 2008). Validity refers to when determining what is being measured compared to reliability, which estimates the consistency of measurement and refers to the results of the test and not the test itself (Fishman Galguera, 2003). There are two types of validity, internal and external. Internal validity measures the effect of the independent variable on the depend variable compared to external variable, which examines the whether or not the results can be generalizes to a wider population (Fishman Galguera, 2003; Trochim Donnelly, 2008). Assessing internal validity is used to measure behavior between the participants, although, the test does measure a difference in behavior among participants, and the test does not reflect the measurement difference, than the test has no internal validity (Fishman Galguera, 2003; Trochim Donnelly, 2008). Assessing external validity refers to determining if the results of the test can be generalized to populations or situations beyond what is being measured. Although tests are not valid in and of themselves, to ensure test score validity,Show MoreRelated The Controversy of Standardized Testing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesControversy of Standardized Testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. 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Final Exam Intro to Politics free essay sample

Subject: Introduction to Politics Lecturer: Akbar Meirio Assignment: Clipping about a country phenomenon (Republic of Korea) using Post- Behavioralist Approach South Koreas first nudist beach planned to boost tourism A South Korean province is considering setting up the countrys first nudist beach in an attempt to boost tourism, but is already receiving protests from the public, officials said Wednesday. The idea was initially put forward by the East Sea-Rim Headquarters (ESRH) a department of the government in the eastern province of Gangwon. The proposal envisages opening a nudist area by 2017 to attract more foreign visitors to a province known for its sandy beaches. We see this project as part of our efforts to promote tourism, an ESRH official said. Despite its rapid modernisation, South Korea remains a largely conservative country and the official said the plan would need the approval of local residents. Without their consent, it will be difficult to push ahead, she said. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Exam Intro to Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, weve already received protest calls from some residents since the project was reported, she added. The idea of a nudist each was first mooted in 2005 but was swiftly discarded because of public opposition. South Korea considers first nudist beach an attempt to boost tourism. The idea of a South Korean nudist beach was first mooted in 2005 Photo: GETTY The idea was put forward by the East Sea-Rim Headquarters (ESRH) a department of the government in the eastern province of Gangwon but is already receiving protests from the public, officials said on Wednesday. The proposal envisages opening a nudist area by 2017 to attract more toreign visitors to a province known tor its sandy beaches. We see this project as part of our efforts to promote tourism, an ESRH official said. Despite its rapid modernisation, South Korea remains a largely conservative country and the official said the plan would need the approval of local residents. South Korea to get its first nude beach? By Frances Cha Officials havent decided which beach will be sans-clothes. In this photo: Yonghwa Beach in Gangwon Province. (CNN) Cold water and nude beaches dont necessarily mix well. Add to the equation a very conservative society and the idea of a nude each seems rather ambitious, if not impossible. In a surprisingly creative tourism push, officials in north east Gangwon Province are aiming to set up South Koreas first nude beach, with the first clothes to be shed in 2017. Its an effort to boost tourism to the peninsulas east coast beaches, which lose out every year to the west coast in luring summer visitors from the capital Seoul. Although the east coast has more beautiful, sandy beaches, the water tends to be colder, the season shorter and the distance from Seoul is greater than the beaches to the west. The massively popular annual mud festival is also held on the west coast. Skinny dip-friendly This is part of our plans to create beaches with specific purpose, like a beach for families, a beach for couples, a beach for pets, and yes, a nude beach, said an official from the municipalitys Pan-East Sea Division at a seminar on Tuesday, according to the Korea Times. Calls by CNN to officials were not answered on Thursday. Somewhat surprisingly, this is not the first time the subject has been broached by government officials. And in the past its the public thats shuttered the idea. Gangwon Province tried to launch a female-only nude beach in 2005, while

The Go-Between LP Hartley Essay Example

The Go-Between LP Hartley Essay The Go-Between is a story of memories, told by a man in his sixties, looking back on his boyhood to the particular summer of 1900 on a visit to an aristocratic family in Norfolk, where a chain of events that took place, due to his naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, provoked the downfall of the main character, Leo Colston. His two-week stay in a grand house, among upper-class strangers scarred him, and contributed to the type of life that he has grown accustomed to ever since, that of a companionless and removed life. The prologue of The Go-Between serves several purposes, being an introduction to the character, his life and how he came to remember that summer in which his life was changed forever.The prologue opens with the cultured and educated bachelor in his sixties, Leo Colston, rummaging through a box of memories he once owned, taken from the year 1900, including the diary he kept for that year. The discovery of the diary and the other miscellaneous contents of the box; rusty magnet s, photo negatives, dried sea urchins, etc. awaken the events that took place of the summer of 1900 which had been concealed and forgotten deep within his mind, and the contents of the diary as what he, Leo Colston, believes encouraged him to become the lonely and detached person he is today, in 1953, when the novel is set.With the opening line of The past is a foreign country, they do things differently there a theme of the past and memory is instantly aroused. Even though the theme of the past is conjured up, there is a greater sense of distance, not only in the past but the way that the character himself is distanced by the choice of grammar, they instead of we and do instead of did. The opening line suggests Leos past to be of a foreign nature, meaning that his memories of his past have become foreign to him due to the fact that he buried them deep within his mind in order to forget the events that occurred the year of 1900. From the initiating line of The past is adifferently t here, the reader is immediately made aware that this is a story of the past, and suggests an alienation of events which may have occurred in the past, with which the main character, Leo Colston, has consequently attempted to block from his mind.After rifling through the contents of the recently discovered box, the older Leo discovers the diary, which contain the events that were to change him from then onwards. At first Leo doesnt recognise the diary, only the diary refused to disclose its identity p5, and he primarily believes that it was a present someone had brought (me) from abroad p5, again emphasising the theme of things being foreign to him because they have been mentally blocked and so when he is confronted with these things later on in life they are seemingly alien. The older Leo is stumped as to why he cannot remember the diary because he believes that he must have treasured it at the time due to its expensive appearance, and so therefore he is unwilling to open it because it questioned his memory and he disliked having it (his memory) prompted, p5. After some time attempting to remember what the diary held and stood for, he ventures at opening the combination lock, and as soon as he hears the click of the diary opening, it was as though the key in the lock of his memory turned, and the chain of events recorded in the diary were uncovered.As soon as these events are recognised, the elder Leo realises that without the recorded events occurring, he would be a very different person leading a very different life, not looking into the past but into the futureand not sitting alone, p 6. This recognition causes the reader to conceive and comprehend the importance and the scarring effect that these events had upon the younger Leo, at the age of 12. The reader does not yet know of something that could be so powerful to change someone so much and in so many ways, but is forewarned of the importance of the events that took place that summer were to be never for gotten, etched forever in his memory, by the slow release of information of how the character comes to remember the contents of the diary.In the act of opening the diary, he notes the signs of the Zodiac on the first page, recounting his fascination with them and their significance. Including the fact that it was also he year of 1900, the dawn of a new era, caused the young Leo to hold great expectations of the new century, hoping it to be the turning point of his otherwise hum-drum life, living with his widowed mother in a working-class lifestyle, and unfortunately the year 1900 was the pinnacle of his life, but changed it for the worse, not the better.The rapture of and attention paid to the signs of the Zodiac is heightened to the fact that the signs provided his young and impressionable imagination symbols with which to attach to people and reflect upon them. The older Leo remembers his particular intrigue of the sign of the Virgin the distinctly female figure in the galaxy, p7, which would later be recognised as Marian, his envy of the manly signs of the Archer and the Water-Carrier, and also his wanting to disassociate himself with his sign, Leo, because it was that of an animal, and therefore considered unmanly by him. Due to this dislike of being recognised as an animal, he searches for a more grown up zodiacal figure to model himself on, and is attracted to the signs of the Archer and the Water-carrier. The elderly Leo also remembers his enthusiasm of the coming about of the turn of the century, believing it to be the dawn of a Golden Age, p8, and a year that would change his life. To begin with, while Leo is still at boarding school, it is noticeable that his main fantasies were about being on the brink of a golden age seem to bear no relation to his real experience as a schoolboy. He is content to keep his imaginary world and his real life separate, which display to the reader that the events of the two-week stay at Brandham Hall must have scarred h im to a great degree considering the lonely life Leo has grown to lead.It is made apparent to the reader the Hartley must have chosen to set the novel in the year 1900 so to convey the idea that Leo believes himself to be living in a year which will change the rest of time, and is the beginning of the rest of his life. In the prologue it is clear that the novel will continue the theme of Leos youthful idealism and ultimately his disillusionment. The choice of a new century and particularly the twentieth century provides an ideal setting for Leos story.The older Leo recalls a specific time when he was a schoolboy at boarding school, the diary being one of his prides and joys, and would flaunt it about in front of the other boys. The diary was then stolen and the use of the word Vanquished within it caused him to be severely bullied by two boys, Jenkins and Strode. The older Leo reflects on this and accepts his pretentious use of a word such as vanquished at the time of being a school boy and continues to recount how he got revenge, by writing three curses in the diary with his own blood. When the curses came to light and reality, he was respected, afterwards I was quite a hero, p12, maybe even feared by the other schoolboys as Jenkins and Strode were both critically injured when the fell from the roof of a building.When Leo goes to look at the diary again, he sees assorted occurrences and affairs leading up to the two-week stay in Brandham Hall. After the noting of the name Brandham Hall, he reads through the list of guests that stayed there at the same time as him, and also the noting of the maximum temperature for each day, up until the 26th of July, the last entry in the month of July and the last entry in the diary, I did not have to turn the pages to know that they would be blank, p16. The emphasis on the fact that the older Leo knew that after that date he had not continued to use the diary causes the reader to realise that the two weeks in July was the ti me scale which within Leo became a changed person.The accentuation of the recordings of the maximum temperature for each day of Leos stay at Brandham Hall in 1900 introduces the authors use of pathetic fallacy to the reader thus enabling the author to use the weather to reflect the feelings and emotions of certain characters. By recording the temperature, after each day I had recorded the maximum temperature p16, it initiates to the reader that the summer of 1900 must have been an extremely hot one and so the heightened atmosphere of the heat would add to the building of ambience around specific characters.As the older Leo opens the diary, it is noted that the stirring of the memories of that summer was like the loosening of phlegm in an attack of bronchitis, which were waiting in anticipation to be freed from where that had been buried all these years. The older Leo then goes on to explain about how what happened at Brandham Hall was to change him forever as it was the first time i n his life that he felt he had been a significant figure within a certain company, and this significance had lead to disaster. This therefore conveys to the reader Leos fear of mattering, the saying pride comes before a fall comes to mind and so it appears that the older Leo has continued to hold the belief that pride is a sensation to be wary of as it can cause a greater damage. Because of the great pride Leo held as a young boy, he believes that it may have contributed to the enormous breakdown he suffered after the stay at Brandham Hall and so has chosen to blend into the background throughout his life. This is seemingly in order not to get so high on his horse so that he becomes blind to the things that are actually going on around him, suffering great consequences, as he once did as a boy.The idea of Leo attaching symbols of the zodiac to unfamiliar people in order to characterise them and create a more friendly feeling towards them is again emphasised in the later stages of th e prologue. The unknown guests also staying at Brandham Hall within the same two weeks as Leo, had, according to the younger Leo, zodiacal properties and proportions and were the substance of his dreams, p16. These descriptions furtherly stress Leos habit of putting people on pedestals, having a fixed image of them in his mind, which they may not actually fulfil, remaining in awe of them believing that they were above him. It is clear to the reader that Leo idealised the guests staying at Brandham Hall, relating them to the signs of the zodiac in order for them to become more familiar and to gain a further understanding of them.The imaginary conversation that the older Leo has with his younger self follows swiftly on, and is a good example of the distinctness between the two Leos, what the one was like before the events that occurred at Brandham Hall and what the other has become due to the events that occurred, showing a distance between them. When Leo, as an old man, expects the y ounger Leo to question why his life has ended up as it has after all that he did in his first twelve years in order to have a greater life, the older Leo replies that it was the younger Leos fault for becoming too big-headed. Again the line of pride coming before a fall is accentuated as the older Leo explains quite simply you flew too near to the sun and got scorched, p 17. This being a reference to Icharus of Greek Mythology who had winged sandals, became too big headed and flew too near to the sun, melting the glue on the wings and thus falling to his death. This cindery creature is what you made me, p 17, acts as a justification to the younger Leo as to why the older Leo has become what he has become, believing that it was the breakdown he suffered after staying at Brandham Hall from which he never recovered. The older Leo concludes that it was his younger selfs too high expectations of the new century that added to his downfall, as they were expectations that could never be rea ched.As the conversation between the two very different Leos continues, the older Leo argues that even though the Maudsleys, Ted, Marian or Hugh did him wrong, he insisted on looking at them as angels, even if they were fallen angels, p 17. This proves that as the younger version of Leo had idealised these people, almost viewed them as icons, he could not plant any blame for what followed onto them, he couldnt allow the perfected images he had of them in his head to be tarnished, so accepted the blame himself. Even over fifty years later, it is made apparent to the reader that it obviously still bothers Leo, showing that he hasnt been able to fully bury the memories and cannot, even though he wants to, put it behind him. The last line of the conversation between the two contrasting Leos, try now, try now, it isnt too late p 18, is an obvious desperate plea for closure of the subject by the older Leo in order to regain some normality to his life.The next paragraph tells the reader of how the voice of the younger Leo had haunted Leo as an older, more mature man, and that it had only confirmed his suspicions that he could no longer bury his memories, but had to confront them head on. The next stage brings the reader back to reality, the clock struck twelve p 18, sets the scene again, back to where Leo had been rifling through his old belongings. The last word of the prologue, LEO, p18, furtherly accentuates his fascination with the zodiac as a boy and also his mild egotism at this age, for using his name as the code to the lock.In conclusion to what the prologue does for a reader in preparing them for the novel, is that in the way in which it is written, including intriguing flashbacks, memories and talk of the past, the author quickly has enraptured the readers attention into finding out what could have emotionally scarred the main character Leo, so much so, that it in return ended up ruining his life.